{"id":12420,"date":"2021-12-17T16:20:42","date_gmt":"2021-12-17T16:20:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/calftel.flywheelstaging.com\/?p=12420"},"modified":"2022-01-04T15:14:05","modified_gmt":"2022-01-04T15:14:05","slug":"dairy-calves-can-get-coronavirus-too","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/calftel.com\/es\/calf-corner\/dairy-calves-can-get-coronavirus-too\/","title":{"rendered":"Dairy Calves Can Get Coronavirus Too?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>by Kelly Driver, MBA<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, dairy calves are affected by their own bovine-specific strain of coronavirus. This sickness can be a<br>significant cause of diarrhea (calf scours). Calf caregivers have been treating it for many years before the<br>novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 emerged on the scene worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Is There a Connection?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, beyond the name, there is very little in common between the two strains because there are<br>many different versions of human and animal coronaviruses throughout the world. Each different<br>version of coronavirus has a very specific molecular makeup of the \u201cspikes\u201d on its surface. In order to<br>cause infection, these specific spike molecules must be able to attach to corresponding specific<br>molecules on a body cell, according to Dr. Russ Daly, South Dakota State University Extension<br>Veterinarian and Professor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He further explains \u201cpig cells have different surface molecules than do calf cells, than do human cells,<br>and so on. Additionally, respiratory cells have different surface molecules than do intestinal cells\u201d (Daly,<br>2020). Calf caregivers may recall hearing about cats diagnosed with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) or<br>swine producers struggling with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED). These are all different forms of<br>coronaviruses (Daly, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Calf Scours<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scours is a term that the cattle industry has long used to refer to diarrhea in young calves. 95% of<br>infectious calf scours in calves under three weeks of age are caused by coronavirus, rotavirus or<br>Cryptosporidium (U of MN). All calves are exposed to these pathogens starting the very moment they<br>are born in the calving area. Whether a calf gets sick or not often depends on how much of the<br>pathogen the calf receives. The higher the dose of pathogen, the greater the risk of calf scours. So, let\u2019s<br>take a quick look at the University of Minnesota\u2019s description of these three contaminants:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>-Rotavirus infects cells essential to the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The lack of small<br>intestine nutrient absorption causes nutritional deficiencies for the calf and interferes with the rest of<br>the digestive tract\u2019s ability to absorb water. The result is diarrhea, with an added complication of<br>missing nutrients for the calf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>-Coronavirus infects cells in a similar way to rotavirus. However, instead of just interfering with<br>absorption, the virus actively kills cells in the lining of the intestine. The result is widespread destruction<br>of the lining of the small intestine. The calf cannot absorb any nutrients, the inflammation is massive,<br>and severe diarrhea occurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211;<em>Cryptosporidium<\/em>, often referred to as \u2018Crypto\u2019, is a protozoan (a microscopic animal). The most<br>important thing to remember is that Crypto is not bacteria. Crypto implants itself in the wall of the<br>intestine and causes severe inflammatory damage to the lining of the intestine. This damage results in<br>diarrhea for the calf. Crypto infections are incredibly painful for the calf. Outside of the body, crypto has<br>a thick shell that allows it to survive for long periods in the environment (Source: University of Minnesota Extension).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since Cryptosporidium was addressed in a previous <a href=\"\/calf-corner\/category\/blog\/\">Calf Corner blog<\/a>, we will continue to<br>focus on the corona &amp; rota viruses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in young calves, typically from 5-21 days of age.<br>Pale yellow diarrhea is common, and calf caregivers may also observe blood specks and mucus in the<br>feces. Affected calves are often lethargic, reluctant to drink, and have dull eyes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the big challenges with rota and corona viruses is as the calves become dehydrated, they become<br>more susceptible to secondary infections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Diagnosis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proper diagnosis to determine the cause of calf diarrhea should be done with your herd veterinarian.<br>This may include fecal sampling at a diagnostic laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oral fluids are the most important treatment that should be started at the first signs of diarrhea to help<br>prevent the dehydration that ultimately kills calves. Allowing calves to drink the electrolytes themselves<br>is preferred, as oral fluids delivered by stomach tube may have delayed absorption because they are<br>deposited in the rumen. If the calf is already quite dehydrated, intravenous fluids should be given.<br>Please do NOT stop feeding milk to these calves. They need all the nutritional value they can get from<br>the milk to help fight off disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scours is quite uncomfortable and painful for calves. Work with your veterinary to provide an approved<br>anti-inflammatory for pain relief as needed in your calf management protocol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taking the calf\u2019s rectal temperature should be a standard part of any health assessment. Antibiotics are<br>another tool that should be addressed in calf protocols. Remember that 95% of calf scours under 3<br>weeks of age are caused by viruses and protozoans, not bacteria, rendering ineffective to treat the cause<br>of the disease. Therefore, antibiotics would normally be reserved for cases when the calf\u2019s temperature<br>is outside normal range of 101-102.5 degrees Fahrenheit (U of MN).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Prevention<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prevention of calf scours all together is the real key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Starting early with a solid vaccination program administered to a healthy cow helps to boost the<br>antibodies available to the calf in the four quarts of colostrum it should be fed within the first two hours<br>of life. Vaccines given at the correct times while the calf is still in utero can also target scours-causing<br>agents. There are also some products available that can reduce scours when given at birth to the calf.<br>The herd veterinarian can help develop a robust vaccination program tailored to each specific herd<br>situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I can\u2019t emphasize how important it is that everything the newborn calf has contact with should be very<br>clean. From their arrival in a very clean, well-bedded calving area to well-managed, high-quality<br>colostrum that is low in bacteria, to properly clean and sanitized feeding equipment and housing, try to<br>look at every item your calves will come in contact with. The more pathogens that can be removed<br>through proper cleaning, the more we set our calves up for success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another key in calf success is proper nutrition. Calves need a minimum of 8 quarts of either whole milk<br>or high-quality milk replacer each day to meet their maintenance and growth needs. Their need for<br>additional energy and nutrition increases anytime the temperature is outside their thermal neutral zone,<br>particularly when it is colder. (We can help keep calves warmer with a properly fitted calf jacket that<br>contains a true insulating material, like ThinsulateTM.) Delivering calves ample nutrition with a consistent<br>temperature, total solids level and on a routine time schedule also aids in prevention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Housing units, whether individual or group, should be cleaned and disinfected between each use. Calf-Tel offers many plastic feeding and housing options that are designed for easy clean up and can be<br>viewed at <a href=\"https:\/\/calftel.com\/\">Calf-Tel.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All of these factors can be combined to best prevent calf scours. Remember that rotaviruses,<br>coronaviruses and Cryptosporidium naturally exist on dairy farms. It is our job as the calf caregivers to<br>limit each newborn calf\u2019s exposure level to these threats. Using a farm-wide approach that includes total<br>herd health under supervision from a veterinarian, high-quality colostrum management and calf<br>nutrition, and cleaning and sanitizing all feeding equipment and housing areas gives the best chance of<br>limiting calf scours events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kelly Driver, MBA has been involved in the New York dairy industry all her life. In addition to raising dairy<br>calves and replacement heifers, she is the Eastern US &amp; Canada Territory Manager for Calf-Tel. Feel free<br>t<em>o contact her at <a href=\"mailto:kellydriver@hampelcorp.com\">kellydriver@hampelcorp.com<\/a> with your calf questions or suggest a topic you would like<br>addressed in a future blog.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources:<br>Armstrong, Joe, DVM. (2019). Causes and prevention of dairy calf scours. University of Minnesota<br>Extension. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umn.edu\/dairy-youngstock\/dairy-calf-scours\">Causes and prevention of dairy calf scours | UMN Extension<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Daly, Russ. (2020, September 9). COVID-19 and Livestock: Is there a connection? South Dakota State<br>University Extension. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.sdstate.edu\/novel-coronavirus-and-livestock-there-connection\">COVID-19 and Livestock: Is there a connection? (sdstate.edu)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keha A, Xue L, Yan S, Yue H, Tang C. Prevalence of a novel bovine coronavirus strain with a recombinant<br>hemagglutinin\/esterase gene in dairy calves in China. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019 Sep;66(5):1971-1981.<br>doi: 10.1111\/tbed.13228. Epub 2019 May 31. PMID: 31077561; PMCID: PMC7168545.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>by Kelly Driver, MBA<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, dairy calves are affected by their own bovine-specific strain of coronavirus. This sickness can be a<br>significant cause of diarrhea (calf scours). Calf caregivers have been treating it for many years before the<br>novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 emerged on the scene worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Is There a Connection?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, beyond the name, there is very little in common between the two strains because there are<br>many different versions of human and animal coronaviruses throughout the world. Each different<br>version of coronavirus has a very specific molecular makeup of the \u201cspikes\u201d on its surface. In order to<br>cause infection, these specific spike molecules must be able to attach to corresponding specific<br>molecules on a body cell, according to Dr. Russ Daly, South Dakota State University Extension<br>Veterinarian and Professor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He further explains \u201cpig cells have different surface molecules than do calf cells, than do human cells,<br>and so on. Additionally, respiratory cells have different surface molecules than do intestinal cells\u201d (Daly,<br>2020). Calf caregivers may recall hearing about cats diagnosed with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) or<br>swine producers struggling with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED). These are all different forms of<br>coronaviruses (Daly, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Calf Scours<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scours is a term that the cattle industry has long used to refer to diarrhea in young calves. 95% of<br>infectious calf scours in calves under three weeks of age are caused by coronavirus, rotavirus or<br>Cryptosporidium (U of MN). All calves are exposed to these pathogens starting the very moment they<br>are born in the calving area. Whether a calf gets sick or not often depends on how much of the<br>pathogen the calf receives. The higher the dose of pathogen, the greater the risk of calf scours. So, let\u2019s<br>take a quick look at the University of Minnesota\u2019s description of these three contaminants:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>-Rotavirus infects cells essential to the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The lack of small<br>intestine nutrient absorption causes nutritional deficiencies for the calf and interferes with the rest of<br>the digestive tract\u2019s ability to absorb water. The result is diarrhea, with an added complication of<br>missing nutrients for the calf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>-Coronavirus infects cells in a similar way to rotavirus. However, instead of just interfering with<br>absorption, the virus actively kills cells in the lining of the intestine. The result is widespread destruction<br>of the lining of the small intestine. The calf cannot absorb any nutrients, the inflammation is massive,<br>and severe diarrhea occurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211;<em>Cryptosporidium<\/em>, often referred to as \u2018Crypto\u2019, is a protozoan (a microscopic animal). The most<br>important thing to remember is that Crypto is not bacteria. Crypto implants itself in the wall of the<br>intestine and causes severe inflammatory damage to the lining of the intestine. This damage results in<br>diarrhea for the calf. Crypto infections are incredibly painful for the calf. Outside of the body, crypto has<br>a thick shell that allows it to survive for long periods in the environment (Source: University of Minnesota Extension).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since Cryptosporidium was addressed in a previous <a href=\"\/calf-corner\/category\/blog\/\">Calf Corner blog<\/a>, we will continue to<br>focus on the corona &amp; rota viruses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in young calves, typically from 5-21 days of age.<br>Pale yellow diarrhea is common, and calf caregivers may also observe blood specks and mucus in the<br>feces. Affected calves are often lethargic, reluctant to drink, and have dull eyes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the big challenges with rota and corona viruses is as the calves become dehydrated, they become<br>more susceptible to secondary infections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Diagnosis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proper diagnosis to determine the cause of calf diarrhea should be done with your herd veterinarian.<br>This may include fecal sampling at a diagnostic laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oral fluids are the most important treatment that should be started at the first signs of diarrhea to help<br>prevent the dehydration that ultimately kills calves. Allowing calves to drink the electrolytes themselves<br>is preferred, as oral fluids delivered by stomach tube may have delayed absorption because they are<br>deposited in the rumen. If the calf is already quite dehydrated, intravenous fluids should be given.<br>Please do NOT stop feeding milk to these calves. They need all the nutritional value they can get from<br>the milk to help fight off disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scours is quite uncomfortable and painful for calves. Work with your veterinary to provide an approved<br>anti-inflammatory for pain relief as needed in your calf management protocol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taking the calf\u2019s rectal temperature should be a standard part of any health assessment. Antibiotics are<br>another tool that should be addressed in calf protocols. Remember that 95% of calf scours under 3<br>weeks of age are caused by viruses and protozoans, not bacteria, rendering ineffective to treat the cause<br>of the disease. Therefore, antibiotics would normally be reserved for cases when the calf\u2019s temperature<br>is outside normal range of 101-102.5 degrees Fahrenheit (U of MN).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Prevention<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prevention of calf scours all together is the real key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Starting early with a solid vaccination program administered to a healthy cow helps to boost the<br>antibodies available to the calf in the four quarts of colostrum it should be fed within the first two hours<br>of life. Vaccines given at the correct times while the calf is still in utero can also target scours-causing<br>agents. There are also some products available that can reduce scours when given at birth to the calf.<br>The herd veterinarian can help develop a robust vaccination program tailored to each specific herd<br>situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I can\u2019t emphasize how important it is that everything the newborn calf has contact with should be very<br>clean. From their arrival in a very clean, well-bedded calving area to well-managed, high-quality<br>colostrum that is low in bacteria, to properly clean and sanitized feeding equipment and housing, try to<br>look at every item your calves will come in contact with. The more pathogens that can be removed<br>through proper cleaning, the more we set our calves up for success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another key in calf success is proper nutrition. Calves need a minimum of 8 quarts of either whole milk<br>or high-quality milk replacer each day to meet their maintenance and growth needs. Their need for<br>additional energy and nutrition increases anytime the temperature is outside their thermal neutral zone,<br>particularly when it is colder. (We can help keep calves warmer with a properly fitted calf jacket that<br>contains a true insulating material, like ThinsulateTM.) Delivering calves ample nutrition with a consistent<br>temperature, total solids level and on a routine time schedule also aids in prevention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Housing units, whether individual or group, should be cleaned and disinfected between each use. Calf-Tel offers many plastic feeding and housing options that are designed for easy clean up and can be<br>viewed at <a href=\"https:\/\/calftel.com\/\">Calf-Tel.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All of these factors can be combined to best prevent calf scours. Remember that rotaviruses,<br>coronaviruses and Cryptosporidium naturally exist on dairy farms. It is our job as the calf caregivers to<br>limit each newborn calf\u2019s exposure level to these threats. Using a farm-wide approach that includes total<br>herd health under supervision from a veterinarian, high-quality colostrum management and calf<br>nutrition, and cleaning and sanitizing all feeding equipment and housing areas gives the best chance of<br>limiting calf scours events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kelly Driver, MBA has been involved in the New York dairy industry all her life. In addition to raising dairy<br>calves and replacement heifers, she is the Eastern US &amp; Canada Territory Manager for Calf-Tel. Feel free<br>t<em>o contact her at <a href=\"mailto:kellydriver@hampelcorp.com\">kellydriver@hampelcorp.com<\/a> with your calf questions or suggest a topic you would like<br>addressed in a future blog.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources:<br>Armstrong, Joe, DVM. (2019). Causes and prevention of dairy calf scours. University of Minnesota<br>Extension. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umn.edu\/dairy-youngstock\/dairy-calf-scours\">Causes and prevention of dairy calf scours | UMN Extension<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Daly, Russ. (2020, September 9). COVID-19 and Livestock: Is there a connection? South Dakota State<br>University Extension. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.sdstate.edu\/novel-coronavirus-and-livestock-there-connection\">COVID-19 and Livestock: Is there a connection? (sdstate.edu)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keha A, Xue L, Yan S, Yue H, Tang C. Prevalence of a novel bovine coronavirus strain with a recombinant<br>hemagglutinin\/esterase gene in dairy calves in China. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019 Sep;66(5):1971-1981.<br>doi: 10.1111\/tbed.13228. Epub 2019 May 31. PMID: 31077561; PMCID: PMC7168545.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/calf-tel.box.com\/s\/rvfjdpkax4azuvtfql0fhwcl2go5sncr\">Download English PDF<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/calf-tel.box.com\/s\/xeotx5jencup32bk9f4mfnkawcv4hrgi\">Download Spanish PDF<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/calf-tel.box.com\/s\/fcm73mrjo7n8j3n98i47oosy0tnrko6a\">Download German PDF<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>Courtesy of our dealer \u2013<\/em><\/strong><br><strong><em>CRI REPRODUCCI\u00d3N ANIMAL<\/em><\/strong><br><strong><em>M\u00c9XICO SA DE CV.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12421,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dairy Calves Can Get Coronavirus Too? 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