Calf heat stress: The little things make the biggest difference

The sun is shining, and winter is a distant memory. You may be eager to spend time in the field and catch up on tasks you couldn’t do all winter. But during this busy time, don’t forget how warmer weather is impacting your calves.

Make sure preparing calves for heat stress is on the top of your to-do list.

Calves can start to experience heat stress at just 68ºF, leading to reduced feed intake, increased energy needs and higher susceptibility to disease.

Doing the little things before heat stress hits is a cost-efficient way to lessen the impacts of heat stress, or even prevent it from occurring. Use this heat stress checklist to brush up on the basics and keep calves comfortable all summer long:

summer calf housing checklist

Reposition hutches

Air movement is critical to help prevent heat stress in calves. Maximize airflow by repositioning hutches to face into the prevailing wind, and move them away from permanent wind-blocking structures like silos, barns or bunkers.

Hot temperatures and increased fieldwork can cause a lot of summer dust. Make sure hutches are located away from hay barns or fields to prevent dust from irritating your calves’ respiratory systems and settling into water and milk buckets.

Switch up bedding

Straw is the go-to bedding in winter because its long particle size keeps calves warm, but it’s not ideal when temperatures rise. Small particle bedding, like peanut hulls, rice hulls or wood shavings, has less heat retention. Use small particle bedding during high temperatures to encourage lying time and keep calves comfortable.

Sand is another good summer bedding option, but it can heat up in the sun. Keep calves cool by facing hutches north or using a shade cloth to keep the sun off the sand.

Apply the ‘one more’ rule

Summer weather calls for extra calf attention. Whatever feeding and management tasks you typically complete during milder spring temperatures, do that task one more time each day in summer. The “one more” rule particularly applies to feeding water and observing calves.

Heat stress can lead to dehydration, which can lead to decreased calf performance, so extra, fresh clean water is critical. Water calves one more time, in addition to regular water feedings, when temperatures reach 68ºF or above.

The one more rule also applies to calf observations. Add an extra walk-through of the calf hutches or pens to check for heat stress signs. Calves experiencing heat stress sit and pant, have sunken eyes, a droopy head and dry nose. By increasing observations, you can catch these signs early and help prevent long-term impacts of heat stress.

Adjust feeding times

Decreased feed intake is a common challenge in warm temperatures. Adjust morning and night feeding times to deliver feed during the cooler parts of the day. Calves will eat more, and feed stays cooler, which prevents spoilage.

Pay attention to how much starter calves are eating. A slight drop in starter intake is normal in warm weather, but a significant decrease could indicate heat stress. Consider adding a daily electrolyte feeding, in addition to milk or milk replacer, to help prevent heat stress and keep feed intake up.

Use ventilation features

Hutches have ventilation features for a reason. They encourage airflow and help hot air escape to help prevent heat stress. Make sure you’re using ventilation features day and night early in the summer before heat stress kicks in.

Open rear bedding doors to maximize air movement through the hutch. Rear vents and ridge vents offer additional opportunities for air movement. Open all the vents to let air through when it’s hot. If opening the ventilation features still doesn’t provide enough air movement, consider raising the back of the hutch with a cinderblock.

Ventilation is also critical for calves housed indoors. Make sure there’s natural airflow. If there’s not a natural airflow, create one with fans, curtains and open doors. Some indoor pen systems allow you to remove the solid back panel and swap it for a wire-meshed panel to increase airflow.

Block UV rays

Ultraviolet (UV) rays destroy plastic quality and are harmful to calves. But since you can’t see them, how do you know your calves are protected? Test the quality of your hutch material by shining a flashlight through the plastic into the hutch during the day. If the light is coming through, UV rays can also get through.

If your plastic quality isn’t up to par, consider upgrading to a hutch with UV protection to keep calves cool and improve hutch longevity. Additional shade features, such as installing a shade cloth or building a pole barn over your hutches, can also help protect against UV rays.

Heat stress happens every year, but focusing on the little details can help lessen the impacts. By following the proper steps, your calves will be comfortable and cool all summer long.

Estés por calor en becerros: Las pequeñas cosas que hacen una gran diferencia

Estés por calor en becerros: Las pequeñas cosas que hacen una gran diferencia
Por Brandon Sowder

El sol está brillando y el invierno quedó atrás. Has de estar ansioso por pasar tiempo en el campo y ponerte al día en las tareas que no pudiste realizar durante el invierno. Pero en este tiempo ocupado, no olvides como impacta el clima cálido a tus becerras. Asegúrate que esté en tus prioridades preparar a tus becerras para el estrés calórico.

Las becerras pueden empezar a experimentar estrés por calor a 20°C (68°F), lo que las lleva a reducir la cantidad de alimento que consumen, incrementa la necesidad de energía y tienen una mayor susceptibilidad a enfermedades.

Hacer las pequeñas cosas antes de que se genere este estrés por calor es una manera rentable de disminuir los impactos del estrés por calor, o de siquiera prevenir que estos ocurran. Use esta lista para repasar lo básico y mantenga a los becerros cómodos durante todo el verano:

– Reposicionar becerreras

El flujo del aire es crítico para ayudar a prevenir el estrés por calor en becerros. Maximice el flujo de aire reposicionando las becerreras para enfrentar el viento y muévalas de estructuras que bloqueen este flujo de aire, como silos, graneros o bunkers.

Las altas temperaturas y el incremento de trabajo en campo pueden causar mucho polvo en el verano. Asegúrate de que las becerreras estén localizadas lejos de donde haya graneros o campos para prevenir que el polvo irrite el sistema respiratorio de tus becerros y que se asiente en los recipientes de agua y leche.

– Cambie la cama

La paja es la cama para invierno ya que el gran tamaño de partícula mantiene calientes a los becerros, más no es ideal al haber aumento de temperatura. Camas de pequeñas partículas como la cascara del cacahuate, cascara de arroz o aserrín, tienen menores retenciones de calor. Use camas de pequeñas partículas durante climas de altas temperaturas para incentivar el tiempo de Descanso y mantener cómodos a los becerros.

La Arena es otra opción de cama en tiempos de verano, pero esta puede calentarse por el sol. Mantenga a los becerros frescos al poner las becerreras con cara al norte o usando una manta como sombra para evitar que el sol caliente la arena.

– Aplique la regla de “uno más”

El clima del verano exige mayor atención para los becerros. Cualquiera de las tareas de alimentación y manejo que normalmente hace durante invierno, se recomienda hacerlo al doble en verano. La regla de “uno más” aplica de forma particular al dar agua y al observar los becerros.

El estrés por calor puede llevar a la deshidratación lo cual puede llevar a la disminución del rendimiento de los becerros, es por ello que la necesidad de agua extra, fresca y limpia es crítica. Proporcione agua a los becerros una vez más, en adición a la rutina regular de agua, cuando las temperaturas igualan o rebasan los 20°C (68°F).

La regla de “uno más” también aplica a las observaciones de los becerros. Agregue caminatas extra por las becerreras o corrales para revisar signos de estrés por calor. Los becerros que experimentan estrés por calor se sientan y jadean, tienen ojos hundidos, cabizbajos y nariz seca. Al incrementar las observaciones, puede notar estos signos de manera pronta y ayudar a prevenir impactos de largo plazo de estrés por calor.

– Ajuste los tiempos de alimentación

La disminución en la ingesta de alimento es un reto común en altas temperaturas. Ajuste los tiempos de alimentación matutinos y vespertinos para que el suministro de alimento se lleve a cabo en los momentos más frescos del día. Los becerros comerán más, y el alimento permanecerá fresco lo que evita su deterioro.

Preste atención en las cantidades de alimento consumido por los becerros más jóvenes. Un pequeño decremento en la ingesta al inicio es normal en climas cálidos, pero una disminución notable podría indicar estrés por calor. Considere agregar electrolitos al alimento diariamente, en adición a la leche o al substituto de leche, para ayudar a prevenir estrés por calor y mantener los niveles de ingesta de alimento.

– Use las características de ventilación

Las becerreras tienen características de ventilación por una razón. Estas fomentan el flujo de aire y ayudan al escape del aire caliente para prevenir estrés por calor. Asegure usar las características de ventilación en el día y la noche antes de que el estrés por calor cumpla su cometido.

Al abrir las puertas traseras de la becerrera se maximiza el flujo del aire. Las ventilaciones traseras y las ventilaciones en techo ofrecen oportunidades adicionales para el movimiento del aire. Abra todas las ventilaciones para permitir el paso del aire, cuando hace calor. Si el abrir todas las ventilaciones no permite suficiente flujo de aire, considere el levantar la parte trasera de la becerrera con un tabique.

La ventilación es crítica para becerros con becerreras en interiores. Asegure que exista flujo de aire natural. Si no existe flujo de aire natural, elabore uno con ventiladores, cortinas y ventanas abiertas. Algunos sistemas de corrales de interiores permiten remover el panel posterior solido e intercambiar por un panel de malla de alambre para incrementar el flujo de aire.

– Bloqueé los rayos UV

Los rayos ultravioletas destruyen la calidad del plástico y son dañinos para los becerros. Pero si no podemos verlos, ¿cómo sabemos que nuestros becerros están bien protegidos? Puede comprobar la calidad de su becerrera al pasar una linterna a través del plástico en la becerrera durante el día. Si la luz pasa de un lado a otro, los rayos ultravioleta podrán atravesar también.

Si la calidad de su plástico no está a la par, considere actualizarse a una becerrera con protección UV, para mantener a los becerros frescos y mejorar la longevidad de las becerreras. Las características adicionales de sombra, como lo es poner una manta de sombra o la construcción de un techo, puede ayudar también a la protección de rayos UV.

El estrés por calor ocurre cada año pero el enfocarse en los pequeños detalles puede ayudar a aminorar el impacto. Al seguir los puntos apropiados, sus becerros estarán cómodos y frescos todo el verano.

Calf-Tel ECS Plastic Floor Wins Award

January 30, 2019, GERMANTOWN, WI—Calf-Tel, the global leader in quality calf housing for the dairy industry, wins World Ag Expo’s Top 10 new product award.

A large number of cutting-edge products were submitted to the contest. Farmers, ranchers and industry professionals acted as judges to select the Top 10 products. They will all be showcased at the upcoming World Ag Expo in Tulare, CA.

The new Calf-Tel ECS Plastic Floor was selected as a winner. The floor was designed and developed as a critical component of a calf raising system. The floor is ideal for Western style raising where calf housing is dominated by wood bases, floors and stalls.

Calf-Tel ECS Plastic Flooring can be dropped in to these existing wood bases for an easy transition and increased labor efficiencies. The floors will not break down over time and will need minimal upkeep. The plastic construction makes them faster and easier to clean than wood floors.

“The “Calf-First” mentality at Calf-Tel drove our innovation in designing the floor. The plastic does not absorb harmful bacteria and bioburdens like wood does, keeping the calves healthier and cleaner.” says Ed Wolk, product design manager.

ECS Plastic Floor is made out of a structural, plastic foam that provides flexible cushioning under the calves weight for added comfort under hoof and while laying down. Additionally, the smooth plastic, combined with strategically designed floor openings disperses waste more effectively than traditional wooden floors. The floor was designed with more open area than wooden floors, resulting in better waste pass-through and superior ventilation.

As with all Calf-Tel products, the ECS Plastic Floor is built to last and comes with a 10-year Limited Warranty. Come and see it in action at World Ag Expo. Calf-Tel is located in booth DS108.

For more information on the Calf-Tel line of products, visit www.Calf-Tel.com or call (262) 255-4540 or email: sales@calftel.com.

Hampel Animal Care, a division of Hampel Corporation, began serving the agriculture industry in 1981 with the introduction of Calf-Tel housing systems. Today it is the number one choice for calf housing, worldwide. For more information, visit www.Calf-Tel.com or learn more at www.facebook.com/calftel and www.youtube.com/calftel.

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The New Super Pail? Calf-Tel Says: Yes!

Calf-Tel Introduces the New Direct Attach Pail

March 28, 2018, GERMANTOWN, WI—Calf-Tel, the global leader in quality calf housing for the dairy industry, introduces its new Direct Attach Pail!

The new Calf-Tel Direct Attach Pail requires no hardware and fits Calf-Tel fence panels and ECS hutches. In fact, the modular design will also fit most wooden style hutches as well.

The new “Super Pail”, as it’s been dubbed by those who have used it, is made from a nearly indestructible co-polymer polypropylene. It has been built to not only withstand the wear and tear inflicted by the frisky calf in the group but much more.

“Our number one objective is always thinking of the calf first. When we do it right, it not only results in a healthier, better producing animal but also a more efficient operation for the producer,” said Brandon Sowder, Director of Sales for Calf-Tel.

Calf-Tel’s “Calf-First” product development process has led to a revolutionary design. The pail angle is parallel to the ground making it easier for the calf to reach both feed and liquid. Its rounded bottom edges are optimized so that the calf can lick the pail clean—reducing waste and making it easier to clean.

The Direct Attach mechanism of the pail provides a firm, semi-lock grip on fences, wood and other retaining fixtures preventing it from getting kicked away or bumped into an aisle.

The Calf-Tel Direct Attach Pail is available in 8QT capacity, comes in 2 colors and 2 different attachment widths.

For more information on the Calf-Tel line of products, visit www.Calf-Tel.com or call (262) 255-4540 or email: sales@calftel.com.

Hampel Animal Care, a division of Hampel Corporation, began serving the agriculture industry in 1981 with the introduction of Calf-Tel housing systems. Today it is the number one choice for calf housing, worldwide. For more information, visit www.Calf-Tel.com or learn more at www.facebook.com/calftel and www.youtube.com/calftel.

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Do You Have a Tender Loving Care Newborn Group?

By Jerry Bertoldo, DVM

Winter shows us some of the opportunities in the world of baby dairy calf care. It affects all calves, but of particular concern is the dystocia calf, ones that get shorted on colostrum (volume or quality) or those born “early” outside of a designated calving area. There has not been a widespread effort to treat “stressed” newborns differently than their “according to plan” friends.

Many farms will note calving related problems on paper or in Dairy Comp for the benefit of calf care folks. How does this information translate to action items for these less than fortunate youngsters? Often times it is reminder to respond to the first signs of problems aggressively with antibiotics and supportive treatments. Is this the wisest proactive approach?

Think about the following points for newborn calves:

  • Calves are born without antibodies against the common disease causing viruses and bacteria that they will see within minutes of birth.
  • For calves with a calving difficulty score of 3 out of 5 or worse – 25% will die within 48 hrs., 3.8 X as many become ill and 4.5 X as many will die as compared to normal births. 60% of heifer deaths by 6 months are from births with dystocia scores of 3 or greater.
  • 1 out of 7 calves born with a dystocia score of 3 or greater will have a broken rib causing pain, reduced activity, desire to eat and resistance to disease.
  • Calves have little body fat as compared to other animals. Their internal energy reserves will last less than a day in warmer weather (over 60°F).
  • Cold weather will deplete fat reserves in several hours without prompt consumption of nutrient rich colostrum.
  • When a calf’s core body temperature falls below 101°F for more than 1 hour, it will not absorb colostrum antibodies (IgG’s) very well. Additionally, their immune system development is hampered.
  • The first thing in a calf’s mouth after being born gets to enter the blood stream rather easily in the first 12 hours of life whether a bacteria, nutrient or IgG.
  • Calves less than 3 weeks of age need extra energy to stay warm when temperatures fall below 60°F. This doubles below 40°F. Wind, damp and manure caked hair coats make the need even greater.
  • Meeting energy and protein needs to stay warm, grow and fuel the immune system makes 2X feeding of milk or milk replacer in the proper amount difficult on the digestive tract.
  • 3X feeding with even spacing between meals is a management challenge, but works wonders as compared to 2X and even an additional 3rd feeding in the afternoon.

To get the jump on illness, calves need reduced stress, low bacteria exposure (manure meals!), dry and warm bedding, individualized attention, and high feeding rates in the winter. Yes, it is expensive, but this is the future of the herd! Calves that had a difficult birth, were born in manure, received poor or dirty colostrum or had early navel contamination before dipping are in a special needs group. They require more attention than usual and should be housed in hutches or individual pens where they can be closely monitored, if they are to stay alive and become productive adults.

Consider these practices for high risk calves:

  • Makes sure calf care people know who these calves are by identifying these with colored tape, crayon marks, collars or zip ties on ear tags.
  • Check navels on Day 2 looking for wet and especially swollen stumps. Treat with antibiotics early and check periodically.
  • Use vitamin/mineral supplementation (preferably injectable) such as Vitamin B complex, Vitamin A&D, Vitamin E, selenium and iron dextran to boost the immune systems and immune systems and metabolic functions.
  • Use preventative antibiotics selected based on baby calf disease history, diagnostics and the individual calf status.
  • Use intranasal and oral vaccines or oral antibody products on Day 1 if indicated.
  • Feed poorer quality colostrum or “fresh milk” for a few days after Day 1 for the extra nutrition and beneficial health benefits. Make sure the bacteria count is low in any of these!
  • Put calf jackets on these calves earlier than you would for ones with no issues.
  • Ensure these calves are housed in newly cleaned plastic hutches or pens and have a fresh bedding pack.

Calves that come into this world with a hard pull – or push – have a decided handicap in any weather. The dystocia calves of winter have an even tougher path to survival, health and growth. Give them a hand and a fair shot at seeing the dog days of summer!

**Jerry Bertoldo, DVM is veterinarian in Western New York state and is currently the Dairy Management Specialist with the NWNY Dairy Team for Cornell Cooperative Extension team.

Coccidiosis Management in Dairy Calves and Heifers

By Matt Akins, Ph.D., Extension Dairy Specialist and Associate Scientist, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, and Division of Extension

Dairy calves and heifers are a critical piece of dairy herd productivity as they are the future lactating cows.  Heifer health is generally less of an issue than with dairy calves, with typically less respiratory and digestive problems.  However, calves and heifers can have significant incidence of disease especially during stressful events/changes such as adjusting to grouping or new diets, or after transportation to another location which causes stress and exposes heifers to new pathogens. 

Coccidia Lifecycle

Coccidiosis is one digestive disease in dairy heifers that often occurs during these stressful events, especially if the heifer had not been previously exposed to the coccidia protozoa species of Eimeria bovis or Eimeria zurnii.  It is most often found in calves and heifers from 1 month to 1 year of age.  The protozoa can be prolific in facilities with poor cleanliness, use of bedded pack management, or inconsistent feeding additive (coccidiostat) usage across pens.  Before getting into how operations can control the disease, you should understand how the protozoa’s lifecycle works.  Figure 1 shows the Eimeria lifecycle in a simple diagram.  The Eimeria lifecycle starts off similar to other digestive parasites with the animal consuming the protozoa egg or oocyst.  This consumption is by various routes including eating contaminated feed, bedding or water; grooming themselves or other animals; or licking their contaminated surroundings (walls, gates, feeders, etc.).  The oocyst has a very protective outer wall that resists breakdown from chemical and physical action, and can be viable in a moist, warm environment for several months to years.  After consumption, the oocyst then releases the infective ‘sporozoites’ which enter the animal’s small intestinal cells to replicate and form ‘merozoites’.  After a couple replication cycles in the small intestines, the ‘merozoites’ sexually reproduce in the large intestine to then form oocysts.  Oocysts are then excreted in the feces and restarts the cycle.  This cycle is continuously occurring as animals are ingesting oocysts daily.  The typical complete lifecycle is 15-20 days so there is a delay of about 2-3 weeks from ingestion until you may see clinical symptoms. 

Symptoms

Symptoms are dependent on the ingested parasite load with a small portion of cased typically being clinical.  Sub-clinical infections are more prominent but can affect feed intake and growth, so minimizing parasite load is critical to reducing these impacts.  When ingested parasite loads are high or heifers are under stress, clinical symptoms can become more common. Reduced feed intake, diarrhea and condition loss are the common symptoms commonly associated with coccidiosis.  Growth is also severely depressed when clinical symptoms occur.  The invasion of the small and large intestine cells causes direct damage to the intestinal lining and reduces the ability to absorb nutrients.  This reduced ability to absorb nutrients (sugars, amino acids, minerals) then causes diarrhea as the intestine attempts to balance osmotic balance.  In severe cases, bloody diarrhea and mucus secretions can occur if damage to the cell lining persists.  By the time the animal is showing clinical symptoms, the protozoa has already completed their lifecycle and are excreting oocysts into the environment and perpetuating this problem.  Prevention and treatment are thus important to control parasite loads, reproduction in the animal, and impacts on heifer growth.

Prevention

Minimizing parasite load in the environment is key to preventing coccidiosis incidence and severity.  Similar to other diseases, maintaining heifers in similar age groups, using all in/all out management, and cleaning of pens/feeders/waterers between moves can help reduce pathogen loads.  In addition to maintaining a clean environment, most operations use a coccidiostat (lasolocid, monensin, decoquinate, amprolium) in their feed mix to control the protozoa in the heifer’s digestive tract.  These coccidiostats control the parasite while in the digestive tract to minimize oocyst production and excretion into the environment.  Use of a coccidiostat allows the heifer to develop immunity to the protozoa while controlling protozoal levels to minimize coccidiosis.  Coccidiostats work very well in controlling incidence of clinical coccidiosis and maintaining heifer growth, however there can still be a subclinical infection occurring so producers need to be consistent with coccidiostat feeding to prevent clinical disease.  Feed mixing and administration are critical to ensuring the proper dosage is provided for controlling the protozoa.  Another advantage of using certain coccidiostats (lasolocid and monensin) are that these act as ionophores in the rumen to improve feed efficiency.

Recent research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Marshfield Agricultural Research Station explored the use of alternative feed additives to control coccidiosis in heifers that were transported from the Arlington research location (about a 3-hour transport).  We used a novel egg-based antibody to interleukin-10 (IL-10) which may help maintain the heifer’s normal immune system.  In short, the Eimeria protozoa is capable of ‘fooling’ the animal’s immune system by causing the immune cells in the gut to produce IL-10, which is a communication signal to shutdown the immune system after an infection.  The antibody we fed is supposed to bind IL-10 in the digestive tract and allow the immune system to act normally, with positive results previously in some chicken and beef cattle studies.  However, we have not yet found positive results from feeding this antibody to heifers, but continue to evaluate this antibody as a possible coccidiosis prevention strategy.  During this work, we also found other interesting results for the coccidiostat treatment group.  Heifers fed a coccidiostat had lower fecal oocyst counts for the first 4 to 6 weeks of the trials, however after 6 weeks the heifer’s fecal counts were similar to the control and antibody treatments likely due to them being moved into a bedded-pack barn.  The bedded-pack barn likely had a higher oocyst load as the pens were only divided by gates and the bedding is groomed/mixed daily thus spreading oocysts across pens.  The coccidiostat groups did have fewer clinical symptoms and treatments as the heifer’s immune system was able to adapt to lower protozoa levels over the first 4 weeks of the study.  This result shows the importance of facility cleanliness even if being fed a coccidiostat.

Treatment

Treatment for coccidiosis symptoms (mainly diarrhea) should focus on controlling the protozoal infection and replacement of lost fluids and electrolytes.  Before treatment, work with your veterinarian to determine if it is coccidiosis by doing a fecal float test, and to determine the appropriate treatment strategy.  Amprolium is commonly used for treatment of heifers with clinical symptoms to quickly control the growth and reproduction of the protozoa in the animal’s digestive system.  Amprolium mimics the B-vitamin thiamin when taken in by the protozoa, which causes a thiamin deficiency and energy deficit ultimately killing the protozoa.  Treatment of a pen is generally advised because if a few animals are showing clinical symptoms, it is likely that the other animals are under stress from parasite loads.  Treatments are done over 5 days either by a drench, in the water tank, or in the feed using a pellet.  Use of fluid therapy (electrolytes) is also essential to reversing clinical symptoms as heifers will become severely dehydrated from coccidiosis.

Summary

Coccidiosis is a common dairy calf and heifer disease that can significantly reduce growth and lead to death.  However, the disease is preventable with good management practices (cleanliness, pen management) and use of coccidiostats to allow heifers to adapt to the parasite over time with fewer symptoms.  Make sure to work with your veterinarian and nutritionist to discuss prevention strategies and ensure you are using the correct levels of coccidiostats.

Figure 1.  Coccidia Lifecycle

Source:  Huvepharma Corid Website –  https://www.corid.com/Coccidia.html

Matt Akins is an Associate Scientist and Extension Dairy Specialist at UW-Madison. He conducts research and extension programs on dairy heifer management to improve nutrition and dairy profitability.  His extension work has focused on collaborating with county agents to conduct surveys to estimate the cost of raising dairy replacements and on-farm testing of alternative forages.  Recent research at the Marshfield ARS includes evaluating coccidiosis prevention methods, alternative forages for feeding heifers, and using stockpiled forage for grazing heifers.  Please contact Matt with any questions at msakins@wisc.edu or 715-384-9459.

Courtesy of our dealer – CRI REPRODUCCIÓN ANIMAL MÉXICO SA DE CV

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